Bump com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java from 3.23.4 to 3.24.0 (#3170)

Bumps [com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf) from 3.23.4 to 3.24.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/blob/main/protobuf_release.bzl)
- [Commits](https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/compare/v3.23.4...v3.24.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

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tools/java/cpp-build/pom.xml

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
     <dependency>
       <groupId>com.google.protobuf</groupId>
       <artifactId>protobuf-java</artifactId>
-      <version>3.23.4</version>
+      <version>3.24.0</version>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>